100 and/or hemorrhagic fluid. Culture and direct tests for leptospirosis were performed in BAL. Diagnosis of disease was confirmed by microscopy serum agglutination. Results: The aspect of the bronchoscopy was normal in five patients, showed blood in the bronchial tree in one case and inflammatory manifestations in another. The BAL aspect was hemorrhagic for all patients portraying alveolar hemorrhage. Culture and direct tests were negative for Leptospiras in the BAL. Conclusions: Leptospirosis must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of alveolar hemorrhage. The BAL was confirmed as an efficient method for detection of alveolar hemorrhage in leptospirosis, to recommend immediate therapy for the purpose of preventing its evolution to massive hemoptysis and respiratory failure." />

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Study of bronchoalveolar lavage in leptospirosis patients with pulmonary involvement

Estudo do lavado broncoalveolar em pacientes com comprometimento pulmonar na leptospirose

Jorge Eduardo Manhães de Carvalho, Isabela Nascimento Moraes, Angela Santos Ferreira, Regina Lúcia Caetano Gomes, Marcos Olivier Dalston, João José Pereira da Silva

ABSTRACT

Background: Pulmonary involvement is common in leptospirosis and usually characterized by hemoptysis, dyspnea and diffuse bilateral infiltrates in chest X-rays. Such findings may be compatible with alveolar hemorrhage, already described by some authors both in autopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Objective: To evaluate the presence of alveolar hemorrhage, diagnosed through BAL, in bearers of leptospirosis patients with pulmonary involvement emphasizing the method's importance for early detection of this complication. Method: Seven patients with leptospirosis were submitted to BAL. All presented respiratory symptoms and/or infiltrates in the chest X-rays and/or hypoxemia. Alveolar hemorrhage was defined by the following findings in BAL: percentage of siderophages e"20% and/or Golde score >100 and/or hemorrhagic fluid. Culture and direct tests for leptospirosis were performed in BAL. Diagnosis of disease was confirmed by microscopy serum agglutination. Results: The aspect of the bronchoscopy was normal in five patients, showed blood in the bronchial tree in one case and inflammatory manifestations in another. The BAL aspect was hemorrhagic for all patients portraying alveolar hemorrhage. Culture and direct tests were negative for Leptospiras in the BAL. Conclusions: Leptospirosis must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of alveolar hemorrhage. The BAL was confirmed as an efficient method for detection of alveolar hemorrhage in leptospirosis, to recommend immediate therapy for the purpose of preventing its evolution to massive hemoptysis and respiratory failure.

Keywords: Leptospirosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Radiography, thoracic.

RESUMO

Introdução: O comprometimento pulmonar é freqüente na leptospirose e caracteriza-se por hemoptise, dispnéia e infiltrados pulmonares bilaterais no radiograma de tórax. Esses achados podem ser compatíveis com hemorragia alveolar, previamente descrita por alguns autores em autópsias e em lavado broncoalveolar. Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de hemorragia alveolar, diagnosticada por meio do lavado broncoalveolar, em pacientes portadores de leptospirose com alterações pulmonares, enfatizando-se a importância do método para o diagnóstico precoce da complicação. Método: Sete pacientes com leptospirose foram submetidos à broncoscopia com lavado broncoalveolar. Todos apresentavam sinais e/ou sintomas respiratórios, e/ou infiltrados no radiograma de tórax, e/ou hipoxemia. A hemorragia alveolar foi definida pelos seguintes achados no lavado: porcentagem de siderófagos e"20%, escore de Golde > 100, e/ou presença de líquido hemorrágico. Foram realizados exame direto e cultura para Leptospiras, com o uso de meios específicos. O diagnóstico da doença foi confirmado por soroaglutinação microscópica para leptospirose. Resultados: O aspecto da broncoscopia foi normal em 5 pacientes, mostrou sangramento na árvore brônquica em 1 caso e sinais inflamatórios em outro. O aspecto do lavado foi hemorrágico em todos os pacientes, configurando o quadro de hemorragia alveolar. A pesquisa direta e a cultura para Leptospiras foram negativas. Conclusão: A leptospirose deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das hemorragias alveolares. O lavado broncoalveolar mostrou-se um método eficaz para a detecção de hemorragia alveolar na leptospirose, servindo para orientar a terapêutica imediata, com a finalidade de prevenir sua evolução, caracterizada pela presença de hemoptises maciças e insuficiência respiratória.

Palavras-chave: Leptospirose. Líquido da lavagem broncoalveolar. Radiografia torácica.


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