ABSTRACT

Bronchial stenosis can impair regional lung ventilation by causing abnormal, asymmetric airflow limitation. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique that allows the assessment of regional lung ventilation and therefore complements the functional assessment of the lungs. We report the case of a patient with left unilateral bronchial stenosis and a history of tuberculosis, in whom regional lung ventilation was assessed by EIT. The EIT results were compared with those obtained by ventilation/perfusion radionuclide imaging. The patient was using nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Therefore, we studied the effects of postural changes and of the use of nasal CPAP. The EIT revealed heterogeneous distribution of regional lung ventilation, the ventilation being higher in the right lung, and this distribution was influenced by postural changes and CPAP use. The EIT assessment of regional lung ventilation produced results similar to those obtained with the radionuclide imaging technique and had the advantage of providing a dynamic evaluation without radiation exposure.

Keywords: Tomography; Electric impedance; Positive-pressure respiration; Pulmonary ventilation; Airway obstruction; Tuberculosis, pulmonary.

RESUMO

A estenose brônquica pode comprometer a ventilação pulmonar regional devido a limitações anormais e assimétricas ao fluxo aéreo. A tomografia de impedância elétrica (TIE) é uma técnica que possibilita a avaliação da ventilação pulmonar regional por imagem e, portanto, pode complementar a avaliação funcional dos pulmões. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com estenose brônquica unilateral à esquerda, pós-tuberculose, em que se avaliou a ventilação pulmonar regional através da TIE, relacionando-a com a cintilografia de ventilação/perfusão. Foram estudados os efeitos das mudanças posturais e da aplicação de continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP, pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas) nasal, uma vez que a paciente usava esse tratamento para síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. A TIE demonstrou distribuição heterogênea da ventilação pulmonar regional com maior ventilação no pulmão direito, sendo essa distribuição influenciada pelas mudanças de decúbitos e pela aplicação de CPAP. A análise da ventilação pulmonar regional pela TIE se mostrou similar aos achados da cintilografia pulmonar de ventilação com a vantagem de possibilitar uma avaliação dinâmica e sem exposição à radiação.

Palavras-chave: Tomografia; Impedância elétrica; Respiração com pressão positiva; Ventilação pulmonar; Obstrução das vias respiratórias; Tuberculose pulmonar.

Introduction

Tuberculosis remains a serious public health problem worldwide and can lead to various sequelae in the respiratory tract, one of which is bronchial stenosis.(1-5) Bronchial stenosis can lead to dyspnea due to airflow obstruction, with the aggravating factor that it is often characterized by asymmetric, proximal airway lesions. The left main bronchus is particularly susceptible to this complication.(6,7)

Pulmonary function tests evaluate lung function as a whole, but tell nothing about regional changes in ventilation. These changes are usually evaluated using radioisotope scintigraphy, which is costly and not widely available in Brazil.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a technique that allows safe, real-time, dynamic image reconstruction of axial slices of the lung, making it possible to assess regional lung ventilation.(8) This tool is particularly promising in cases of asymmetric lung disease, such as unilateral bronchial stenosis.

We report the case of a female patient with stenosis of the left main bronchus and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), who was being treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and in whom regional lung ventilation was assessed by EIT. We highlight the effects of postural changes and of the use of CPAP on regional lung ventilation.

Case report

A 53-year-old female nonsmoker who had been treated for tuberculosis at the age of 20 presented with a three-year history of progressive dyspnea. Pulmonary auscultation revealed rhonchi and wheezing in the left hemithorax.

Spirometry showed the following: FVC, 2.56 L (88%); FEV1, 1.81 L (77%); FEV1/FVC, 0.71 (88%); and FEF25-75%, 1.15 L/s (50%). These results are consistent with mild obstructive lung disease. No significant bronchodilator response was observed.

Digital reconstruction of CT scans of the chest showed narrowing of the left main bronchus, beginning at its origin and reaching 4.8 cm along its length, with a width of 0.5 cm (Figure 1A-D). Forced exhalation increased the degree of bronchial stenosis, resulting in almost complete collapse and causing air trapping in the left lung. Ventilation/perfusion radionuclide imaging (Figure 1E and 1F) showed that the blood flow and ventilation were directed to the right lung (68%). Bronchoscopy confirmed the chest CT finding of left bronchial stenosis.




We used an EIT device with 32 electrodes (DX 1800, Dixtal Biomédica, Manaus, Brazil)(6,7) to assess regional lung ventilation, as well as the effects of different postures-supine position (SP), right lateral decubitus position (RLDP), and left lateral decubitus position (LLDP)-and of CPAP use (10 cmH2O). In all situations, the patient lay for 10 min with the head elevated 30°, and the measurements under the different conditions were taken 5 min apart.

Figure 2 shows functional maps of the distribution of regional lung ventilation in the three postures during spontaneous breathing and during the use of nasal CPAP, all of which were constructed on the basis of EIT.




Video 1 (available online at http://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/detalhe_artigo_pre_visualizar.asp?id=2236) features a dynamic demonstration of regional lung ventilation in the three postures during spontaneous breathing and during CPAP use. During spontaneous breathing, it is possible to see that the ventilation was almost entirely directed to the right side, being represented by a light-blue color; a lighter shade of blue translates to higher ventilation in that area. During CPAP use, a portion of the ventilation was distributed to the left lung.


Vídeo click here


Discussion

In the present case, the relative distribution of regional lung ventilation, during spontaneous breathing, was always higher in the right lung, with values of 91%, 82%, and 58% for the SP, the RLDP, and the LLDP, respectively, which shows the effect of bronchial stenosis on the distribution of regional lung ventilation and the influence of postural changes (Figure 2). The images obtained by EIT are consistent with those obtained with the radionuclide imaging technique.

In healthy individuals breathing spontaneously and placed in the SP, regional lung ventilation is higher in the dependent regions than in the nondependent regions, a physiological phenomenon that has been well documented by studies using EIT. Studies using EIT in healthy volunteers have shown the marked influence of postural changes on the distribution of lung ventilation. Studies analyzing regional lung ventilation in healthy volunteers have shown it to be invariably higher toward the dependent lung in the lateral decubitus positions.(9,10)

During CPAP use (10 cmH2O), the differences in the regional distribution of ventilation increased. In the postures studied, the gravitational distribution of ventilation occurred mostly toward the dependent regions. In the SP, the use of CPAP caused a slight redistribution of regional ventilation to the left lung, predominantly to its dorsal portion. In contrast, the RLDP resulted in an increase in ventilation asymmetry, concentrating ventilation almost entirely in the right lung. In the LLDP, ventilation to the dependent lung increased from 42% to 48%, possibly because of mechanical bronchodilation of the left bronchus caused by CPAP use.(8)

The present case strengthens the interest in using EIT to assess regional lung ventilation, especially in cases of asymmetric airway lesions. In addition, when compared with radionuclide imaging, EIT has the advantage of being a high-temporal resolution method that dynamically evaluates the effects of postural changes and of CPAP use.

References

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9. Reifferscheid F, Elke G, Pulletz S, Gawelczyk B, Lautenschläger I, Steinfath M, et al. Regional ventilation distribution determined by electrical impedance tomography: reproducibility and effects of posture and chest plane. Respirology. 2011;16(3):523-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01929.x PMid:21261780

10. Matias MS, Barros CA, Monteiro LT, Sousa NP, Marinho LS, Reis RC, et al. Impacto da ventilação não invasiva (VNI) nos modos CPAP e BiLevel sobre a distribuição da ventilação pulmonar avaliada através do tomógrafo de impedância elétrica (TIE). Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2011;Suppl 1:S3.



* Study carried out at the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
Correspondence to: Liégina Silveira Marinho. Avenida Gonçalves Dias, 509, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP 60431-145, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
Tel. 55 85 3366-8499. E-mail: lieginasm@gmail.com
Financial support: This study received financial support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Office for the Advancement of Higher Education). Carlos Augusto Barbosa da Silveira Barros and Marcelo Silveira Matias are recipients of scholarships from the Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC, Institutional Program for Scientific Initiation Scholarships), which is affiliated with the Respiration Laboratory of the Federal University of Ceará.
Submitted: 19 October 2012. Accepted, after review: 25 January 2013.



About the authors

Liégina Silveira Marinho
Master's Student. Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará; and Researcher, Respiration Laboratory, Center for Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Nathalia Parente de Sousa
Master's Student. Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará; and Researcher, Respiration Laboratory, Center for Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Carlos Augusto Barbosa da Silveira Barros
Medical Student. Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Marcelo Silveira Matias
Medical Student. Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Luana Torres Monteiro
Doctoral Student. Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of
Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Marcelo do Amaral Beraldo
Researcher. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Eduardo Leite Vieira Costa
Intensivist. Hospital Sírio-Libanês; and Researcher. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Marcelo Britto Passos Amato
Respiratory ICU Supervisor. University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Marcelo Alcantara Holanda
Associate Professor. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.